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Three States of Matter – Structured Question 1

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Structure Question 1:

The above diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment to determine the freezing point of liquid naphthalene. The liquid naphthalene is cooled from 100°C in a conical flask and it is stirred continuously with a thermometer. The temperature of liquid naphthalene is recorded in every 30 seconds. The results obtained are tabulated below:

Time (s)0306090120150
Temperature (oC)1009385787878
Time (s)180210240270300
Temperature (oC)7860432525

Answer:

  1. Draw a graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid naphthalene. [2 marks]
    (Click on the image to enlarge)
  2. Determine the freezing point of liquid naphthalene from the graph.
    78°C
  3. c.What is the physical state of naphthalene at
    1. 60s
      liquid
    2. 120s
      liquid and solid
    3. 180s
      solid
  4. Draw the particles arrangement of naphthalene at c.i. and  c.iiic. i.

    c. ii.

  5. Explain why the temperature remains constant between 3 and 6 minutes?
    From the time 90 second to 180 seconds, naphthalene is freezing. During freezing, bonds are formed in between the molecules and energy is released. The energy lost to the surrounding is compensated by the energy released from the formation of the bonds.
  6. Explain why the boiling tube is placed inside a conical flask during the cooling process.
    To ensure constant cooling at a slow rate for naphthalene. This can avoid supercooling.
  7. Give a reason why naphthalene needs to be stirred continuously during the process?
    To avoid supercooling.
  8. Will the melting point of naphthalene differ if it is contaminated by other substance?
    Yes
  9. Sketch a graph obtained when solid naphthalene is heated from room temperature (25°C) to 100°C.

Objective Question s Practice 1

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  1. Which of the following substances sublimes at room pressure when heated?
    1. Iodine
    2. Dry ice (Solid carbon dioxide)
    3. Naphthalene
    4. Ammonium Chloride
  2. Which of the following take place when water solidifies to become ice?
    1. Energy is absorbed from the surrounding.
    2. Water molecules get nearer to each other.
    3. Water molecules are not arranged orderly.
    4. The mass increase.

Symbol of Element

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Symbol of Elements

A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short form to represent a particular element. Some elements are represented by the first letter of its name.

Examples:

Element Symbol
Fluorine F
Hydrogen H
Iodine I
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
Phosphorus P
Sulphur S
Carbon C
Vanadium V

If there are two or more elements that have mane start with the same alphabet letter, a second letter is added to differentiate between these elements. The second letter used is always lowercase.
Examples:

Elements Symbol
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Chlorine Cl
Chromium Cr
Magnesium Mg
Manganese Mn
Neon Ne
Nickel Ni
Silicon Si
Helium He
Argon Ar
Aluminium Al
Zinc Zn
Platinum Pt

Some elements are represented by their Latin names.
Example:

Elements Latin Name Symbol
Copper Cuprum
Cu
Iron Ferrum
Fe
Lead Plumbum
Pb
Mercury Hydrargyrum
Hg
Potassium Kalium
K
Silver Argentum
Ag
Sodium Natrium
Na
Tin Stannum
Sn

(Notes: You MUST Memorise the symbol for all these 31 elements)

Brownian Motion

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Brownian Motion

  1. Brownian motion is the physical phenomenon that tiny particles immersed in a fluid move about randomly.
  2. A fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
  3. Brownian movement, an example of diffusion, supports the kinetic theory of matter.
  4. Examples of Brownian movement are
    1. movement of smoke particles in air
    2. movement of pollen grains in water

Interesting Video - Brownian Motion

Diffusion in Gas

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Diffusion in Gas

(Diffusion in Gas)
Observation

The brown colour bromine vapour spreads evenly throughout the gas jar in a few minutes

  • Bromine vapour is made of tiny and discrete molecules that move randomly to fill up space.
  • Bromine vapour moves randomly and diffuses in all directions in air from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Conclusion :
The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.

Diffusion in Liquid

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Diffusion in Liquid

(Diffusion in Liquid)
Observation
The purple colour of potassium manganate(VII) fills up the entire test tube after a few hours
  • Diffusion has taken place in the liquid.
  • The rate of diffusion of the particles in water is faster than the diffusion rate of particles in solid.
  • The occurrence of diffusion proves that potassium permanganate(VII) consist of tiny and discrete particles.

Diffusion in Solid

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Diffusion in Solid

Diffusion in Solid
Observation

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate fills up the entire test tube after a few days

  • Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made of copper(II) ions and sulphate ions which are tiny and discrete.
  • The particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal will separate to become ions and diffuse randomly upwards until the whole agar turns blue.

Diffusion and Brownian Motion

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Proof of Particle Theory of Matter – Diffusion

In SPM, you need to know
  1. diffusion is one of the proofs of the particle theory of matter.
  2. the definition of diffusion.
  3. diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
  4. factors that affect the rate of diffusion and the related experiments.

What is Diffusion?

  1. Diffusion is a process of spreading a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
  2. It occurs when the particles of the substance move through the space between the particles of another substance.
  3. Figure below shows how the bromine particles diffuse into the air.
  4. Diffusion occurs in solid, liquid and gas.
  5. The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.
  6. Diffusion is proof of the particle theory of matter.
MUST KNOW!
  • The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and lowest in solid.
  • Diffusion is the proof of the particle theory of matter.

Interesting Video - Diffusion

Particulate Nature of Matter

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  1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
  2. The particle theory of matter states that matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles.
Particle Theory of Matter:  Matter is made up of a large number of tiny and discrete particles.

Types of Particles

  1. Particles can exist as atoms, molecules or ions.
  2. Atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element.
  3. Molecules are particles that made up of two or more atoms.
  4. Ions are particles that carry charge.
    1. Positive ion – Cation
    2. Negative ion – Anion

SPM Form 5 Chemistry Chapter 5 – Chemical for Consumers

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Revision Notes

  1. Soap
    1. The Making of Soap – Saponification
    2. Cleaning Effect of Soaps
    3. Effectiveness of Soap
  2. Detergent
    1. The Making of Detergent
    2. Effectiveness of Detergent
    3. Additive in Detergent
  3. Food Additive
    1. Preservative
    2. Colorants/Dyes
    3. Stabilizer
    4. Flavouring Agent and Sweeteners
  4. Modern Medicine
    1. Analgesic
    2. Antibiotic
    3. Psychotherapeutic Medicine
    4. Hormone
    5. Steroids

Videos

  1. What is Salt
  2. Solubility of Salt
  3. Preparing Soluble Salts
  4. Steps to Prepare Soluble Salts
  5. Preparing Insoluble Salts
  6. Identification of Ions
  7. Heating Effect of Negative Ions
  8. Identifying Negative Ions
  9. Identifying Positive Ions (Test by NaOH and NH3)
  10. Identifying Positive Ions (Test by Chloride, Sulphate and Carbonate)